When the cornea becomes damaged due to injury, infection, or disease, vision can deteriorate significantly. Corneal transplant surgery (also called keratoplasty) replaces diseased corneal tissue with healthy donor tissue, restoring clarity and function.
If you or a loved one is considering this procedure, understanding what happens before, during, and after surgery is crucial. This guide covers everything—from preparation to recovery—so you can approach corneal transplant surgery with confidence.
What Is Corneal Transplant Surgery?
Corneal transplant surgery involves replacing part or all of a damaged cornea with healthy tissue from a donor. It can treat conditions like:
✔ Keratoconus (cone-shaped cornea)
✔ Corneal scarring (from infections or injuries)
✔ Fuchs’ dystrophy (corneal swelling)
✔ Bullous keratopathy (blister-like swelling)
There are three main types of corneal transplants:
Penetrating Keratoplasty (PKP) – Full-thickness transplant
Descemet’s Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSEK) – Replaces only the inner corneal layer
Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK) – Replaces the outer and middle layers
Your surgeon will recommend the best option based on your condition.
Before Surgery: Preparation & Evaluation
1. Pre-Surgical Testing
Comprehensive eye exam (checking cornea thickness, vision, and eye pressure)
Corneal topography (mapping the cornea’s shape)
Blood tests (to rule out infections)
2. Finding a Donor Cornea
Donor corneas come from eye banks and are rigorously screened for diseases.
The tissue is preserved and matched based on size and compatibility.
3. Pre-Op Instructions
✔ Stop blood-thinning medications (aspirin, ibuprofen) 1-2 weeks before.
✔ Avoid alcohol and smoking (can delay healing).
✔ Arrange transportation (you won’t be able to drive after surgery).
During Surgery: Step-by-Step Process
1. Anesthesia
Local anesthesia (numbing drops + sedation) is most common.
General anesthesia may be used for complex cases.
2. The Transplant Procedure
PKP (Full-Thickness Transplant)
A circular section of the damaged cornea is removed.
A matching donor cornea is stitched into place.
DSEK (Partial Transplant)
Only the diseased inner layer is removed.
A thin donor graft is inserted and held in place with an air bubble.
DALK (Frontal Layers Only)
The outer and middle layers are replaced, leaving the inner layer intact.
3. Surgery Duration
30-90 minutes, depending on complexity.
After Surgery: Recovery & Healing Timeline
First 24 Hours
✔ Eye patch & shield must be worn to protect the eye.
✔ Mild discomfort & blurry vision are normal.
✔ Prescribed eye drops (antibiotics & anti-inflammatory) begin immediately.
First Week
✔ Follow-up visit to check graft positioning.
✔ Avoid rubbing, bending, or heavy lifting.
✔ Blurriness & light sensitivity may persist.
First Month
✔ Gradual vision improvement (but may fluctuate).
✔ Stitches may remain (if used) for 6-12 months.
Long-Term (6+ Months)
✔ Final vision stabilizes (glasses/contacts may still be needed).
✔ Regular check-ups ensure no rejection occurs.
Risks & Possible Complications
While corneal transplant surgery has a high success rate (90%+), risks include:
Graft rejection (5-30% risk, treatable if caught early)
Infection (rare but serious)
Astigmatism (irregular curvature requiring glasses or laser correction)
Glaucoma (increased eye pressure)
Signs of Rejection (Seek Immediate Help If You Notice):
Redness
Pain
Sudden vision loss
Light sensitivity
Life After a Corneal Transplant
Vision Improvement Timeline
DSEK/DMEK: 1-3 months for clear vision
PKP: 6-12 months for full stabilization
Will You Still Need Glasses?
Possibly, especially if astigmatism develops.
LASIK/PRK can fine-tune vision later if needed.
Activity Restrictions
Avoid swimming for 2 months.
No contact sports for 6+ months.
Wear sunglasses outdoors to protect healing eyes.
FAQs About Corneal Transplant Surgery
1. How Long Does a Corneal Transplant Last?
10-20 years (some last a lifetime).
2. Can You Get a Second Transplant If Needed?
Yes, but success rates slightly decrease with repeat surgeries.
3. Is the Procedure Covered by Insurance?
Most insurance plans cover medically necessary transplants.
4. When Can I Drive Again?
1-4 weeks, depending on vision recovery.
Conclusion: Is Corneal Transplant Surgery Right for You?
Corneal transplant surgery can be life-changing for those with severe corneal damage. While recovery takes patience, most patients regain functional, clear vision.
Next Steps:
Consult a corneal specialist to determine candidacy.
Discuss donor options & surgical techniques.
Prepare for recovery (arrange help, follow medication schedules).
If corneal damage is affecting your quality of life, don’t wait—explore your transplant options today!
